ANGKOR
Angkor
is region of Cambodia that served as seat of the Khmerm Empire,which
flourished from approximately the 9th
to 15th
centuries.The world Angkor is derived from the Sanskrit
nagara,meaning “city”.
The Angkorian period began an
AD802,when the Khmer Hindu monarch Jayavarman II declared himself
a “univesal manarch” and “god-king”,until 1351,when Angkor
first fell under Ayutthayan suzerainty,to 1431,when Ayatthaya put
down a rebellion and sacked the Khmercapital,causing its population
to migrete south to Longvek.
The
temples og the Angkor are numberover one thousand,raning in scale
from nondescript piles og bric krubble scattered through rice fields
to the magnificent Angkor Wat,said to be the world's largest single
religious monument. Many of the temples at Angkor have been
restored,and together,they comprise the most significant site of
Khmmer architecture.Visitor numbers approach 2 million annually.
In
2007,people using satelite concluded Angkor had been the largest
preindustrial city in the world.Uban least 1000 squeare km to the
well-know tenples at its core.The closest rival to Angkor,the Mayan
city of Tikal in Guatemala,was between 100 and 150 squarekm in total
size.
Altgough its poopulation remains
a topic of research and debate,newly identified agricultura systems
in the Angkor area may have supported up to 1 million poeple.
Angkor Was was built between
1113 and 1150 by King Suryavarman II.Suryavarman ascended to the
throne after prevailing in a battle with a rival prince.An
inscription says that,in the course of combat,Suyarvaman leapt as the
mythical bird-man Garuda slays a serpent.
Suryavaman had the walls of the
temple decorated with bas reliefs depicting not only scenes from
mythology,but also from the life of his own imperial court.
BY: Renan Oliveira and Xueyi Yang
BY: Renan Oliveira and Xueyi Yang
Atlantis is a legendary
island, which existed more than 9000 years ago.
How was it?
It was an island with a lot of
vegetation and there were many minerals such as gold and silver. In the center
of the island there was a hill surrounded by 3 sea rings and 2 earth rings. The
habitants of Atlantis had a high scientific and cultural level.
But we don’t know if it really existed.
The story tells that the island was punished and alter a volcanic
eruption and a seaquake, the island sank into the ocean in 24 hours.
Pliny the EldEr and other writers identify Petra as the capital of
the Nabataeans, and the center of their caravan trade. Enclosed by towering
rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra
not only possessed the advantages of a fortress, but controlled the main
commercial routes which passed through it to Gaza
in the west, to Bosra and Damascus in the north,
to Aqaba and Leuce Come on the Red Sea, and across the desert to the Persian Gulf.
Evidence
suggests that settlements had begun in and around Petra
in the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt
(1550–1292 BC). It is listed in Egyptian campaign accounts and the Amarna
letter as Pel, Sela or Seir. Though the city was founded
relatively late, a sanctuary existed there since very ancient times. Stations
19 through 26 of the stations list of Exodus are places associated with Petra This part of the
country was Biblically assigned to the Horites, the predecessors of the
Edomites. The habits of the
original natives may have influenced the Nabataean custom of burying the dead
and offering worship in half-excavated caves. Although Petra is usually identified with Sela which
means a rock, the Biblical references refer to it as "the cleft in
the rock", referring to its entrance. The second book of Kings xiv. 7
seems to be more specific. In the parallel passage, however, Sela is understood
to mean simply " BY: Unai Elejaga and Ana Andonegui
Akrotiri was buried by the widespread
Theran eruption in the middle of the second millennium. 
This ancient
Turkish city could house up to 5o thousand people, reached eleven stories
belown ground, and was built in the 7th or 8th century by Christians hiding
from persecution. Turkey is full of underground cityes, in part because the volcaninc
rock inthe region is easy to carve out.
PETRA
Petra is an Arabian historiacal and archeological city in the Jordanian
governorate of Ma’an, that is famous for its rock-cut architecture and water
conduit system.
Established possibly as early
as 312 BC as the capital city of the Nabateans, it is a symbol of Jordan
as well as its most visited tourist attraction. Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.
The site remained unknown to the Western world until
1812, when it was introduced by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. It was
described as "a rose-red city half as old as time" in a Newdigate
Prize-winning poem by John William Burgon . UNESCO has described it as
"one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural
heritage".Petra was chosen by the Smithsonian Magazine as one of
the "28 Places to See Before You Die."
GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY
Akrotiri is the
name of an excavation site of a Minoan Bronze Age settlment on the Greek island
of Santorni associated with the minoan civilization due to inscriptions in
Linear A, and close similares in artifact and fresco styles. The excavation is
named for a modern Greek villagesituaded on hill nearby. Thenae of the site is
antiquity is unknown.
Akrotiri was buried by the widespread
Theran eruption in the middle of the second millennium. 
Excavation
Gallery of
museum objects on Santorini:
An ambitious modern roof structure, meant to protect
the site, collapsed just prior to its completion in 2005, killing one visitor.
No damages were recorded to the antiquities. As a result of
this, the site was closed to visitors. As of April 2012, the site is once again
open to the public.
Most of the images here have been color corrected by
the Picture Workshop of the German Wikipedia. The yellow light (without
the energetic blue wavelengths) used in the museum greatly reduces the fading
of colors. Differences in technical approach and guesses at appropriate
coloration have led to variations in color rendering.
An original yellow light image
BAY OF
CAMBAY, INDIA:
“GOLDEN
CITY”
INFORMATION
A few
years ago diconered the remains of a city inmense 9500 years ago. This
submerged ruin has intact architecture and human remains. More impotantly, that
finding predates everyone located in the area for a over 5000 years, forcin
historians to rethink their undertanding of the history of the tegion
civilization. The finding has been termed Dwarka , or the “Goleen City” alter
an ancient city at sea , said to belong to the Hindu god Krishna.
OBJECTS
·
·
CARAMIC
·
STOME TOOLS
·
SCULTURE
BY: Samuel and Janire
DERINKUYU
This ancient
Turkish city could house up to 5o thousand people, reached eleven stories
belown ground, and was built in the 7th or 8th century by Christians hiding
from persecution. Turkey is full of underground cityes, in part because the volcaninc
rock inthe region is easy to carve out.
The Derinkuyu underground city is
located in the same named town Derinkuyu, which is situated 40km from Goreme
(30 minute drive). There are about 600 outside doors to the city, hidden in the
courtyards of surface dwellings. The underground city is approximately 85m
deep. It contains all the usual rooms found in an underground city (stables,
cellars, storage rooms, refectories, churches, wineries etc.) Apart from these,
a large room with a barrel vaulted ceiling on the second floor was a missionary
school, the rooms to the left being study rooms.
From the 3rd and 4th floors onwards the descent is by way of vertical staircases which lead to a cruciform plan church on the lowest floor.
[Derinkuyu Underground City] The 55m deep ventilation shaft was also used as well. Not every floor was provided with water wells up to the surface in order to protect the dwellers from poisoning during raids. Derinkuyu contains at least 15,000 ventilation ducts that provide fresh air deep within the underground city. The Derinkuyu Underground City was opened to visitors in 1965 but so far less than half of it can be visited.
It is unlikely that the underground cities were ever intended for permanent dwelling, or even long stays, but they were clearly built to withstand attack and could support large numbers of people and their domestic animals, for extended periods of time. The urban organization was very complex, and there was probably always work in progress.
[Derinkuyu Underground City] The extensive networks of passages, tunnels, stepped pits and inclined corridors link family rooms and communal spaces where people would meet, work and worship. The cities were complete with wells, chimneys for air circulation, niches for oil lamps, stores, water tanks, stables and areas where the dead could be placed until such time as conditions on the surface would allow their proper disposal. Most importantly, carefully balanced moving stone doors, resembling mill stones, were devised to quickly block the corridors in the event of an attack. Of course, these doors operated from one side only!
BY: Narcis and Georgiana
From the 3rd and 4th floors onwards the descent is by way of vertical staircases which lead to a cruciform plan church on the lowest floor.
[Derinkuyu Underground City] The 55m deep ventilation shaft was also used as well. Not every floor was provided with water wells up to the surface in order to protect the dwellers from poisoning during raids. Derinkuyu contains at least 15,000 ventilation ducts that provide fresh air deep within the underground city. The Derinkuyu Underground City was opened to visitors in 1965 but so far less than half of it can be visited.
It is unlikely that the underground cities were ever intended for permanent dwelling, or even long stays, but they were clearly built to withstand attack and could support large numbers of people and their domestic animals, for extended periods of time. The urban organization was very complex, and there was probably always work in progress.
[Derinkuyu Underground City] The extensive networks of passages, tunnels, stepped pits and inclined corridors link family rooms and communal spaces where people would meet, work and worship. The cities were complete with wells, chimneys for air circulation, niches for oil lamps, stores, water tanks, stables and areas where the dead could be placed until such time as conditions on the surface would allow their proper disposal. Most importantly, carefully balanced moving stone doors, resembling mill stones, were devised to quickly block the corridors in the event of an attack. Of course, these doors operated from one side only!
BY: Narcis and Georgiana
TARXIEN
Hal
tarxien is a small village in the south east of Malta. The etymology
of the village may be a corruption of Tirix, meaning a large stone,
similar to those used for the village's noted temples.Tarxian’s
first unit was constructed in the Ggantija phase [c. 3600-3000 BC]
with a characteristic five-apsed plan. The final unit was constructed
in between the 2nd and 3rd units. Tarxian demonstrate not only great
precision in construction, but also the principles of the vertical
arch and the domed ceilin.
THE
OLDEST TEMPLE
The
oldest temple is said to date back to about 2800 BCE. The temples
feature various statues and reliefs of animals, including goats (for
which Malta is noted) and pigs. Most notable of the statues found in
the Temples are about 2.5 m in height, and are said to represent a
sort of Mother Goddess.
TARXIEN
TEMPLES
The
Tarxien Temples are an archaeological complex in Tarxien, Malta. They
date back to approximately 3150 BC.The Tarxien consist of three
separate, but attached, temple structures.The first temple has been
dated to approximately 3100 BC and is the most elaborately decorated
of the temples of Malta. The middle temple dates to about 3000 BC,
and is unique in that, unlike the rest of the Maltese temples, it has
three pairs of apses instead of the usual two.
BY:
ANDRES AND AMAIA
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